Notes on More’s Utopia #4

By: A.B. Timothy

Discourses of Raphael Hythloday, Of the Best State of a Commonwealth (Cont. again, and again)

We continue reading the introduction on the sixth page of my copy, beginning with the words, “I do not know whether it be worth while to tell what followed, for it was very ridiculous;”

In this paragraph, we meet the Fool, who is playing the part of the jester and is doing a mediocre job at it. When one of the men at dinner, for you will remember this scene, being one of Hythloday at dinner with a Cardinal and his house in Britain, makes note that Hythloday had taken care of the thieves, and the Cardinal had taken care of the vagabonds, and now there was but the poor to deal with.

The Fool pipes up and says that he can take care of the poor. He has dealt with them so much that they know not to waste their time begging him for alms anymore. The Fool suggests that the poor men be sent to Benedictine Monasteries to be made Lay-brothers and the women nuns. This suggestion upsets a Friar, who contests the idea, calling the Fool all kinds of names and insulting him with several insults from Scripture. The Cardinal shuts the whole thing down and calls out the Friar for not being prudent. The Friar quotes Solomon and says that he was just “Answering a fool according to his folly.” The Cardinal dismisses everyone for the evening after this exchange is done.

We’ve ended that discourse now and are back with Hythloday and More in the present. Hythloday explains that the fact that the courtiers of the Cardinal only applauded what the Cardinal liked in jest is the reason he won’t be a king’s counsel. More argues in the next paragraph that the opposite is true, and that this is the exact reason he should become counsel to a prince, however much he despises the courts of princes. More brings to mind Plato’s argument in favor of the Philosopher-king and says that kings need philosophers by their side to achieve this state and be the best ruler they can be for the people. Hythloday pushes back and says that the kings will not heed the wisdom of the philosophers in his court, and the only way to do what Plato was talking about is for the kings themselves to become philosophers. Plato himself found this to be true of Dionysius.

I believe this section is More explaining radical criminal justice reform, but couching it by speaking through a surrogate fictional character. To further distance himself from these radical thoughts, he tells the readers, ‘Hey guys, I’m right there with you, this guy should totally be a counsel or something, but he won’t listen to me, crazy, right?” I don’t know if More actually liked the idea of sending the poor to the Monasteries, but that would be an interesting thing to see.

The next motion in the conversation is Hythloday talking about the advice he might give to a king. The King of France has so many decisions to make about different lands that he wishes to subjugate and add to his empire. One wise advisor would give one form of advice that would involve conquering a piece of land, another would give advice about playing the long game of diplomacy, and another would give advice regarding a wholly different approach that would still increase the King’s power because more power is ultimately what the king wants. Hythloday, on the other hand, would argue that the king would abandon his expansionist ideals and focus on building up the stability and prosperity of lands already under his control. To support this idea Hythloday brings up a totally real country that was next to the also totally real Utopia, whose king conquered another country and was advised to give up the second country because the people of both countries would not prosper under, nor would they want to live under a divided king and have, as he puts it, “a groom that should be in common between him and another.” The king took the advice and gave the other country to his brother and went about making his own country prosperous, and it worked! But Hythloday asks More if he honestly thinks that this idea would be taken well in a king’s court.

This section contradicts the idea that Utopia, as a whole work, is proto-communist. For communism, you see, is globalist, and this section is inherently anti-globalist. This is a very isolationist idea.

Conclusion

I ended my reading this night, on page 37 of the text. I believe I should be able to finish the discourse section in two more note-taking sessions. If this intrigues you and you feel inspired to go read some old literature, consider subscribing to my WordPress so you get emails whenever I post a new part of this series or any other I am currently working on. Or sign up for my Newsletter to get updates every week on Saturday.

Notes on More’s Utopia #3

By: A.B. Timothy

Discourses of Raphael Hythloday, Of the Best State of a Commonwealth (Cont. again)

We continue reading the introduction on the sixth page of my copy, beginning with the words, “While I was talking this, the Counsellor, who was present, had prepared an answer…”

In this section, the Counsellor is about to speak up to debate Hythloday, but the Cardinal speaks him down, saying that they can debate if they have time to meet up tomorrow, as there is not enough time to have that debate today. Instead, the Cardinal asks, essentially, “What should we do then? If we lessen the punishment of criminals and stop killing thieves, then that will only embolden them to commit more crimes, right? If death already doesn’t stop them, wouldn’t things get worse if we loosen up?”

Hythloday responds by disagreeing. He doesn’t think that taking someone’s life from them for something as petty as money is working. This is because it treats all crimes the same as the Stoics may wish to do. But the reality, Hythloday argues, is that if people realize the punishment for theft is the same as murder, they would rather kill the person they are stealing from than leave them alive after the theft to testify against them. The same principle that Hythloday argues should restrain the death penalty for them, that being money is not worth the same as a human life, would work in reverse here to save the lives of those persons who have been killed during a robbery. If the thief fears not for their lives, they are more likely to leave the person alive and take their money only.

In the next paragraph, Hythloday answers the question, “What more convenient way of punishment can be found?” He goes on to describe a people he encountered during his travels in Persia. They are a content people with set borders that are not rich but are not poor, and don’t have to worry about invasion due to their geography and a tribute they pay to the Persian King every year. They are called the “Polylerits.” This name, should the reader understand the Greek roots, will tell the reader that this is a fictional people used as a prop by More to describe a political idea. Hythloday explains that these people, instead of killing their thieves, enslave them. This slavery is not what we today think of when we think of slvaes, rather this slavery is more of a Civil Service paid by the criminal to atone for their crimes. A thief must pay retribution to the victim of their crime, and if they can’t pay it, they are put to work by the state to earn the money that goes to the person they wronged. Giving one of these slaves anything is fine, so long as you don’t give them money. Giving them money, weapons, or aiding them in their escape is punishable by death. Escape itself is also punishable by death. To encourage the slaves to behave, they entice them to tell on slaves who have escaped or are planning to, by offering anyone who gives them information either money, if they are a free man, or liberty, if they are a slave.

The slaves are also forbidden from speaking with slaves from other counties in the state. This prevents a wide conspiracy towards rebellion. The Punishment for discovery being death, and the reward for betrayal being freedom, helps maintain this system. There are also several that are set at liberty every year because of good behavior on their part. The Counsellor says that this could never happen in England, as it would be too much of a risk and require too much upheaval. Then the Cardinal speaks up and says they could try it on a smaller scale, where a prince could condemn a thief to death and then forgo their punishment while keeping them in this “slave” state to test the idea. If it helped reform the criminal, then all the better; if not, they could just kill him. The cardinal also says this could be a good way to deal with some of the vagabonds on the streets, too, which many voices at the table agree with.

Interstingly Hythloday points out that the table seemed to disagree when the slavery concept was only in regard to criminals, but as soon as the Cardinal threw vagabonds in the mix, they all jumped on board.

Conclusion

I ended my reading on page 29 of the story as a whole. Slowly but surely, I will have the whole of this book notated here on my blog. It will be interesting to see if I get the chance to turn these notes into some kind of essay during my college career, but we will have to wait and see. If this intrigues you and you feel inspired to go read some old literature, consider subscribing to my WordPress so you get emails whenever I post a new part of this series or any other I am currently working on. Or sign up for my Newsletter to get updates every week on Saturday.

Warhammer 40k: Space Marine a Review

By: A.B. Timothy

Five days ago, I started a new game called Warhammer 40k: Space Marine. Just two nights ago, I finished the campaign on hard difficulty. I can say without doubt that I had a lot of fun playing this game. I got frustrated, I quit playing for a night because I kept getting crushed by the same checkpoint, only to then beat it on the first try the next day, and I really enjoyed the story. Perhaps because I was playing on hard mode, every emotional beat felt earned, every word of encouragement from the 2nd Lt. Mira lifted my shoulders, and every challenge overcome felt well fought. If you are looking for a fun arcade-y run-and-gun sci-fi experience (and you’ve already beaten all the Doom games), this would be a great game for you.

Story

The story of Warhammer 40k: Space Marine takes place on an Imperial Forge World. These worlds are massive, planet-sized factories. Their purpose is to provide the Imperial Militarum with all of their tech, like guns, tanks, ships, and Imperator-class Titans. The initial purpose of the Space Marines’ arrival on the planet is to push back the invasion. The world has been overrun with Orks, and only a small contingent of human defenders fights on to secure a future.

You play as Captain Titus of the Ultramarines. This legendary chapter of Space Marines is only called upon in the most dire of straits. You fight through the Xenos horde and find your way to the last human officer on the planet, 2nd Lt. Mira. This woman is a no-nonsense, brass tax kind of lady, and she expects and gets the same from you. You are both there to do a duty. She gives you intel on how you can destroy the main anti-air battery the works have, which has been preventing the landing of the liberation fleet.

After destroying the battery, you get a distress call from a member of the Inquisition. You find him gravely wounded and near death. He needs your help recovering an experimental power source from somewhere deep in the factory. On the way, you pass by a War Titan, a massive machine, said to be a gift from the Machine God, which looms over you, a sleeping giant.

You collect the powersource and survive exposure to unfiltered warp energies. The Warp is basically hell, so you were able to withstand the forces of hell pouring into the room. Neither you nor the Inquisitor can explain this. You push on and find your way to the top of a tower, where you are meant to use the power source to wipe out the Ork hordes. But you are betrayed. The inquisitor had died after he made the distress call to you and was possessed by a daemon of the warp. He and his Daemon Primarch have been manipulating you and your battlebrothers this whole time. You manage to take the powersource back and eventually utilize it in the Titan to blow up the spire where the Daemon is trying to open a Warp Portal big enough to bring an entire fleet of Daemons here from the warp.

After the spire is destroyed and the Daemon’s plans thwarted. You embark on a quest with your battlebrothers to kill this Prince of Daemons once and for all. You do. But exposure to the warp and resistance to it is considered heresy. So, after all is said and done, instead of getting the girl (Lt. Mira), you are arrested by the Inquisition and hauled away in chains to be investigated. A tragic ending to an otherwise heroic story.

Rating: 4 out of 5.

4/5 stars. I would highly recommend this game for anyone who likes the Warhammer 40k setting or heroic stories with tragic twists.

Fortis: The Return of the Vulture King, a Review

By: A.B. Timothy

Fortis: The Return of the Vulture King, by C.K. Kesterson, is a book filled with vibrant fantasy, explosive fight scenes, and relatable characters who feel real. Whether you are looking to buy a clean adventure book for a middle-grade reader in your life, or you are looking for an easy-to-follow, fun adventure to go on, this book is for you.

Kesterson does an amazing job writing boys who feel true to life. I remember what it was like being a tween and feel as though both Lucian and Tomas embody those memories with ease. C.K. Kesterson clearly draws on his experiences as a father to put his sons in the story, giving us compelling, if sometimes less than intelligent, characters. Granted, knowing how I was as a young boy, the lack of intelligence makes the experience that much more authentic sometimes.

The companions who come alongside the heroes throughout the story are very well written and true. They don’t just automatically go along with what the boys say because the boys are the main characters, and the plot demands it. They push back when two random children show up on their doorstep and try to get help from them.

The villain of the story, the titular “Vulture King”, is suitable for a middle-grade fantasy story. You will not see the depths of Jordan’s “Dark One” or the imbecility of Wiley Coyote, but you will also never feel safe in the presence of the villain, which is perfect.

I highly recommend this book for parents looking for a clean adventure for their children to read that isn’t one of the classics from the 20th century.

Tron: Ares, Movie Review

By: A.B. Timothy

Introduction

Tron: Ares is a movie released in 2025 by Disney, starring Jared Leto, Greta Lee, and Jeff Bridges. It is the third installment in the Tron franchise of movies and is a spiritual successor, rather than a direct sequel. Directed by Joachim Rønning, Tron Ares was released on October 10th, 2025. The ratings have been mediocre, with a critic’s rating on Rotten Tomatoes of 55% and an audience rating of 86%

My review will consist of three parts: Characters, Plot, and Pacing, concluding in an overall rating of my own.

Characters

In this movie, there are four characters that matter. The titular character of Ares, played by Jared Leto. The CEO of ENCOM, Eve Kim, played by Greta Lee. The CEO of Dillinger Systems, Julian Dillinger, played by Evan Peters. Lastly, a security program, called Athena, played by Jodie Turner-Smith. An honorable mention to Jeff Bridges, who reprised his role as Kevin Flynn, playing the guardian of the object of desire in the plot.

Ares

Ares is the most advanced security AI ever developed, across the board. During the opening of the film, we see Ares pitted against virus after virus. We see this from his perspective, inside the GRID (the digital frontier), intercut with the neural network presented as a digitized spiderwebbed vortex, along with shots of Julian Dillinger writing and executing the commands that train Ares. He is next shown to us receiving his name after his training is complete; he is called Ares and receives the title of Master Control, a title steeped in Tron Lore. We are then shown him being extracted from the Grid and brought to the real world as a tech demo by Julian, to receive government contracts as a weapons manufacturer. After the visitors had left, Ares approached the door of the massive facility where the demo was happening and reached his hand outdoors. For the first time, this program feels water falling on his skin, which begins his awakening.

Ares is a very compelling character because he dives into many philosophical questions. How human can AI be? Is it better to live eternally while suffering death every thirty minutes, or to live once the length of a human life?

Eve Kim

Eve Kim is the CEO of ENCOM, the successor of Sam Flynn, who disappeared again sometime between the events of Legacy and this movie. Her sister died of a disease, and Eve took up her sister’s work, finding what is called the “Permanence Code.” This code is the object of power and desire that drives the rest of the plot of the movie. It stops the 29-minute de-rez that happens to programs brought to the real world from the Grid, which includes plant life and infrastructure, not just AI like Ares.

It is the empathy Eve shows Ares that causes him to disobey his directive for the first time, after she is uploaded into the Grid, mirroring her predecessor, Sam Flynn.. She then partners with him for the rest of the movie to protect the permanence code, which eventually gets gifted to him by Kevin Flynn.

Overall, Eve Kim is a great character and plays her role as a friend and philanthropist well.

Julian Dillinger

Dillinger Systems is the rival technology company to ENCOM. Thus their CEOs are also at odds with one another. Julian is under stress from his board to get his market share back up and stop obsessing over the Permanence Code. He finds out that Eve has it, however, and sends Ares after Eve to stop her from getting the code to ENCOM and retrieving it for Dillinger Systems. This sets in motion the process of events which leads to his and Dillinger System’s ultimate downfall.

As a Foil for Eve Kim, Julian does an amazing job. Evan Peters portrays a desperate, manic, and boderline obsessive CEO who is playing with forces beyond his comprehension. His ending is the most tragic, while also being the most hopeful for a sequel.

Athena

The other Security AI, Athena, is totally obident to her directives, unlike Ares. She is sent to finish the mission Ares could not bring himself to finish. Retrieve Eve Kim, bring her back to the Grid, extract the permanence code from her disc and delete the carrier.

It is on this mission, however, after she watches Ares get uploaded into an acient rendition of the Grid, while she is about to upload Eve and complete her mission, the sprinklers inside the building, reminescent of the rain Ares felt at the start of the film, falls on her making her hesitate as she expierences the new sensation. Unlike Ares, however, who reacts to the rain by beginning his path to sentience and permanence, Athena allows this sensation to embolden her and turn against her Creator, Julian Dillinger, forgetting everything but the directive and locking the creator out of his override powers.

Athena is an amazing foil for Area and, paired with him, shows the two sides of the AI coin.

Plot

The plot summary is this: Eve Kim discovers the Permanence Code, needed to allow objects summoned from the Grid to remain in the real world indefinetly, and begins her return to ENCOM, to distribute the code. Meanwhile, Julian Dillinger designs, devlops, and deploys Ares, the Master Control, and the Perfect Weapon. The hitch is that this perfect weapon can only last in the real world for 29 minutes without the permanence code. Thus, Julian sends Ares and Athena out to retrieve the code from Eve Kim. Rather than let it fall into unworthy hands, Eve snaps the USB containing the code in two and throws it into the river. Julian anticipated this and enacted Plan B. Eve gets uploaded into the Grid. Ares has a change of heart and goes agains The Creator (Julian Dillinger)’s directive to kill Eve and retrieve the Permanence Code from her Identity Disc. Ares and Eve escape the Grid together and are chased by Athena in the real world. Athena runs out of time the first time she is sent out. Then decides that she will succeed at all costs, killing people in the process. Athena is then confronted by Ares, who has been transformed by a meeting with Kevin Flynn, and has recieved permanence. They battle, and Ares defeats Athena. Meanwhile a team of hackers form ENCOM manage to infiltrate and crash, or “nuke” as they call it, the Dillinger Systems servers, winning the day.

The Plot is very much a monomyth story about a an AI learning to become mortal. Flynn calls the “Permanence Code” the “Impermanence Code” as he realized that if this code was used, these programs would stop being imortal lines of code on servers and gpus, and would begin to age, decay, and die like humans. The time Ares spends in Flynn’s server helps him solidify his new identity and decide that he truly wants to be mortal, because things passing away is what gives them meaning.

I give the plot, all around, a 9/10 because it tackles a very human story. This is even called out by Julian who asks Eve, “What? And turn Pinocchio here into a real boy?” refering to Ares.

Pace

The pace is wonderful. Breakneck from start to finish. The only time it slows is during the scenes between Ares and Flynn in the old server Ares is uploaded to. These breaks are much needed and allow us to process the threat that our heroes in the real world are facing.

Conclusion

I give Tron: Ares a 9/10 overall. As a life-long lover of the Tron franchise, I was thrilled to see all of the eras of Tron come together into this story. I am excited for a sequel if it comes.

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Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, Review

By: A.B. Timothy

I just finished reading Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, by Rick Riordan. I want to review and rate it on three categories. First, I will go into the plot, this will include a brief overview of the plot and a review of how well it was executed, in my opinion. Next, I will discuss the characters and their arcs. This will go over the three main characters and how they changed or did not change over the course of the book. Lastly, I will engage with the pacing. This will involve looking at the pace of the plot and asking whether or not it fits with the genre/audience.

Plot

The plot of Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, which will be referred to as The Lightning Thief from here on, is a very simple one. Act 1 is our hero living his daily life as a sixth grader when he begins to realize that he is not normal. Act 2 is Percy going to Camp half-blood, learning what he really is, and embarking on a quest across the United States of America to stop a war between the gods. Act 3 is Percy successfully returning the stolen item that threatened to start a war and settling back into life at Camp Half-blood, until the twist at the very last possible moment.

Overall, this plot gains a lot from how simple it is. The simplicity allows Riordan the ability to lean into a lot of the crazier aspects he draws on from Greek Mythology. There is a small detail he seemingly forgets between Act 2 and Act 3. In Act 3 Percy is tempted by soda into the betrayal by a friend. Percy acts like they don’t get soda at camp, but in the beginning of Act 2, when he shows up at camp, he has a goblet at dinner where he is able to speak any soda he would like into it. That detail is insignificant, but the role it plays in his temptation makes it bigger than it should be.

I give the plot of The Lightning Thief an 8.5/10

Characters

Percy Jackson

Percy Jackson is the titular character of this entire 5-book series, so to see him change so much over the course of only the first book is a testament to Riordan’s character work. He begins the book a dejected, fatherless boy who hates his dad for abandoning his mother and lives a delinquent life. We are told he struggles to live with normal people due to his ADHD and Dyslexia. We are able to see the world from his perspective as this is a 1st person book, and because of that perspective, it is easy to sympathize with Percy. Over the course of the book, he stops hating his father. He first learns who his father is, which makes him hate him even more, then his father’s lineage saves his life in a near-death encounter during Act 2. At the end, he does not hate his father anymore after he has a chance to speak with him one-on-one on Olympus. He has also come to accept his place among the other Half-bloods and makes friends, which is not something he thought he would ever be able to do.

Annabeth Chase

Annabeth Chase is Percy’s quest companion. She eventually becomes his love interest in later books and series, but their romance is not developed much, if at all, in this book. This is part of Annabeth’s larger arc across the series. In this book, however, she does develop. She goes from being one of Percy’s haters to promising to fight by his side instead of her mother’s if war breaks out. She very clearly has a crush on her older friend Luke, but knows that it is nothing more than a crush. The girl learns to stop hating her father, who has been trying to rekindle their father-daughter relationship since she was young, after making the mistake of choosing her step-mother and her children over his own. Percy tells her that she should not give up on her dad, and in the end, she decides to give living with him one more chance.

Grover Underwood

Grover Underwood is Percy’s third quest companion and protector. He is also a satyr, a half-man, half-goat thing. His entire character revolves around making sure Percy is safe and to guide him through life as a half-blood as his friend. Over the course of the book, Grover has many close calls with death: fighting Medusa, nearly getting dragged into Tartarus by magic shoes, and offering to stay behind in the underworld so Percy could rescue his mother. This quest is what proves him worthy to be a searcher. Being a searcher is the dream of most satyrs, and through his proven redemption in this book, he is granted a searcher’s license. His arc culminates in being willing to stay in the underworld, a place especially hated by satyrs, to allow Percy and his mother to live.

I give the character work in The Lightning Thief an 8/10

Pacing

The pacing of the book is breakneck. The plot is go-go-go from the camp to the underworld. There is one exception to this I can think of, but that makes for a great character scene, so I will give it a pass. This speed works in the plot’s favor as the book is marketed to middle-school-age boys. I remember being in middle school, and I can tell you, this worked. For the first time since reading The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis, I could not put the book down when I read it at that age. As an adult, I found myself wishing for some scenes to be taken slower, and for more detail to be given, but I understand that we are reading this from the perspective of a boy with ADHD.

The pacing in The Lightning Thief is 9/10

Conclusion

The Lightning Thief is a great introduction to a wonderful world of magic and monsters. This hits its target demographics beautifully, and even kept me, an adult, entertained for the whole 300+ pages. I have the sequel, The Sea of Monsters, sitting next to me, and I am excited to read it and review the rest of the series.

I give Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief an overall rating of 8.5/10. A very fine book and an excellent kick off to the series.

Comment!

Tell me what you thought of this wonderful middle-grade fiction novel. How long has it been since you’ve read it? Have you read it before? Let’s talk!

The Long Walk: Movie Review

This afternoon I went and saw the movie “The Long Walk” which is based on a book of the same name by Stephen King.

The movie takes place in a dystopian alternate America where a war took place, and the country is rebuilding. As part of the rebuilding efforts and in an attempt to get the populace back to work, the government offers its people the chance to put themselves, if they are under a certain age and male, into a lottery to join a death game called “The Long Walk.” In this year’s Long Walk, a group of four young men form a deep friendship and survive the walk together until the end. Will they best the treacherous asphalt, or will they all fall to the Major’s bullets?

This movie follows Cooper Hoffman as Raymond Garraty from the moment he is dropped off by his mother at the starting line until the end of the game. He is pushed to his limits and beyond by the 300+ mile trek he makes alongside a band of other contestants who call themselves the Musketeers. This group includes Peter Jonsson as Peter McVries, Ben Wang as Hank Olsen, and Tut Nyuot as Arthur Baker. These four young men, joined by 46 other boys, one from each of the states around the country, are tasked with walking until there is only one of them left. They do just that. There is horror, suspense, thrill, and adventure as the walk unfolds across the 108-minute runtime.

The Mastermind of the game, “The Major”, is played very menacingly by Mark Hamill, of Star Wars and DC fame. The Major has had a run-in with two of the boys’ families in the past, namely, our main character, Raymond’s father, was shot and killed by the Major himself when Raymond was just a boy. This lends to the main character’s motivation of Raymond.

The Long Walk, in the universe of the movie, has been going on for many years and is seen as mundane and even entertaining by many of the residents of this dystopian America. Each year when the last boy is found standing, he is given one wish and a massive cash prize. It is with this wish that Raymond hopes do something that will lead to the downfall of this Major’s regime and stop the games for good, despite it being clearly stated in the rules that the wish cannot be used to directly change any of the State’s standing legal policy.

How many of the musketeers make it to the end? What is Raymond’s wish? Who will go the furthest and last the longest? Find out in “The Long Walk.”

I would definitely recommend this movie for any Stephen King fan or fans of good, thrilling action movies. There is a lot of language, and so if that bothers you, maybe stay away. If it had not been for the language, this movie would have been given a higher score, but as it stands now, this movie is a:

8.5/10